Climate velocities
Sandel, B., Arge, L., Dalsgaard, B., Davies, R.G., Gaston, K.J., Sutherland, W.J. & Svenning, J-C. 2011. The influence of late Quaternary climate-change velocity on species endemism. Science 334, 660-664.
We show that areas of the Earth that have experienced low rates of climate-change velocity (the rate of climate displacement) are essential refuges for many small-ranged species.